Categories
Pāḷi Text Society Publications
Non-Buddhist Books of Related Interest
Good Books for Beginners
Henry Clarke Warren, Buddhism in Translations, Atheneum, Paperback
A good single-volume book that gives a wide selection of material in translations from the Pāḷi.
Available for reading on line at Buddhism in Translations: Contents.
Available for download from the Files and Downloads section.
Essential Reading
Dialogues of the Buddha, 3 volumes: Vol. I (1899, 1973, 1995), tr. T.W. Rhys Davids; Vol. II (1910, 4th edn. 1989, 1995), tr. T.W. and Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids; Vol. III (1921, 1991, 1995), tr. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids), Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Diigha-nikaaya.
The first 13 suttas (constituting Volume 1), available for reading on line at Dialogues of the Buddha: Contents.
Middle Length Sayings, tr. I.B. Horner, 3 volumes: Vol. I (1954, 1993, 1995); Vol. II (1957, 1989, 1994); Vol. III (1959, 1993), Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Majjhima-nikaaya.
The Book of the Kindred Sayings, 5 volumes: Vol. I (1917, 1993), Vol. II (1922, 1990), tr. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids; Vol. III (1924, 1992, 1995), Vol. IV (1927, 1993), Vol. V (1930, 1994), tr. F.L. Woodward, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Sa.myutta-nikaaya.
The Book of the Gradual Sayings, 5 volumes: Vol. I (1932, 1989, 1995), Vol. II (1933, 1992, 1995), tr. F.L. Woodward; Vol. III (1934, 1988, 1995), Vol. IV (1935, 1989, 1995), tr. E.M. Hare; Vol. V (1936, 1994), tr. F.L. Woodward, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of A.nguttara-nikaaya.
The Book of the Discipline, 6 volumes, tr. I.B. Horner: Vol. I (1938, 1992), Vol. II (1940, 1993), Vol. III (1942, 1993), Vol. IV (1951, 1993), Vol. V (1952,1993), Vol. VI (1966, 1993), Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
(Translation of Vinaya-pi.taka: (Vols. I-III) Suttavibha.nga; (Vol. IV) Mahaavagga; (Vol. V) Cuulavagga; (Vol. VI) Parivaara.)
The Patimokkha Edited by William Pruitt, Translated by K.R. Norman
available on line:
The Patimokkha: The Bhikkhus' Code of Discipline, Translated from the Pāḷi by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
The Bhikkhuni Patimokkha: The Bhikkhunis' Code of Discipline, Translated from the Pāḷi by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
Elders' Verses, prose, tr. K.R. Norman, 2 volumes: Vol. I (1969, 1990), Vol. II (1971, 1992, 1995)
Translation of Theragaathaa and Theriigaathaa.
The Jaataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, ed. E.B. Cowell, 6 volumes 1895-1907 and Index 1913, all reprinted 1990, now in 3 volumes: Vol. I, tr. R. Chalmers, and Vol. II, tr. W.H.D. Rouse; Vol. III, tr. H.T. Francis and Vol. IV, tr. W.H.D. Rouse;
Vol. V, tr. H.T. Francis, Vol. VI, tr. E.B. Cowell and W.H.D. Rouse, and Index volume, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Jaataka with Commentary (only the poems are part of the canon).
Milinda's Questions, tr. I.B. Horner, 2 volumes: Vol. I (1963, 1990), Vol. II (1964, 1991), Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Milindapa~nha.
Minor Anthologies, 4 volumes: Vol. I (1931, 1997), tr. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids; Vol. II (1935, 1985), tr. F.L. Woodward; Vol. III (1975), tr. I.B. Horner; Vol. IV (1974, 1993), tr. I.B. Horner, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translations of: Vol. I : Dhammapada and Khuddakapaa.tha; Vol. II : Udaana: Verses of Uplift and Itivuttaka: As It Was Said; Vol. III : Buddhava.msa: Chronicle of Buddhas and Cariyaapi.taka: Basket of Conduct; Vol. IV : Vimaanavatthu: Stories of the Mansions and Petavatthu: Stories of the Departed.
The Minor Readings and The Illustrator of Ultimate Meaning, tr. Ven. ~Naa.namoli, 1960, 1991, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Khuddakapaa.tha with Commentary. An earlier translation of the Khuddakapaa.that is found in Minor Anthologies, Vol. I.
The Path of Purity, tr. Pe Maung Tin, 3 volumes, 1923, 1929, 1931, reprinted as one
volume 1975, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Visuddhimagga.
Psalms of the Early Buddhists, verse tr. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids: The Sisters, 1909 and The Brethren, 2nd edn. 1937, reprinted as one volume 1980, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Translation of Theragaathaa and Theriigaathaa.
Pāḷi-English Dictionary, T.W. Rhys Davids and William Stede, 1921-25, reprinted 1992,1995, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
English-Pāḷi Dictionary, Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta, 1955, 1992, 1995, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Dictionary of Paali Proper Names, G.P. Malalasekera, 2 volumes, 1937, 1938, reprinted in 3 volumes 1997, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
A New Dictionary of Pāḷi(Multi-Part, only part I a--kh available at this time), by Margaret Cone, 2001, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
The new standard (even without running heads . . . ahum)
Related Studies
Carlos Castaneda
The Teachings of don Juan A Yaqui Way of Knowledge
Pages : 288
Pub Date : 1968, 1973
Publisher : Univ. of California Press, Simon & Schuster
A Separate Reality: Further Conversations with don Juan
Journey to Ixtlan: The Lessons of don Juan, 1972
Tales of Power 1974
The Second Ring of Power 1977
The Eagle's Gift 1981
The Fire from Within 1984
The Power of Silence: Further Lessons of don Juan 1987
The Art of Dreaming: 1993
For the Magic of this series to come through it must be read in sequence. Feel free to debate with yourself as to whether or not this series represents the depiction of real events — in the process of doing this, however, I suggest you try and find one internal contradiction. For Buddhists this is an important series because many of the techniques Don Juan uses are the same as those of Buddhists. This should not be too much of a surprise when we learn, towards the end of the series, that Don Juan and many of his associates studied Buddhism in China.
There are two other books in this series, one giving exercises in Magical Passes and one which to my mind is most interesting because it was apparently written before the first book and is clearly the work of an ordinary man ... and yet an extraordinary man even then.
Two other related series also exist. Works by two of Don Juan's female apprentices. Taisha Abelar and Florinda Donner Grau.
Shabono, Florinad Donner-Grau, Delacorte Press, New York, 1982
This is the first of her books. They too should be read in order. This is one of the most astounding books you will ever read. All three together are even moreso. Here Florinda follows the signs and ends up 'going native' among a tribe of Yanomama Indians in the jungle boardering Venezuela and Brazil. This is what it means to be committed, to lend the mind as well as the body to one's path. There is maybe a one-sentence reference in this book to her teacher, one of Don Juan's group. There is no attempt to make a tie-in to Castaneda.
The Witches Dream: Florinda Donner-Grau, 1987, Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York
A real work of art. Here Florinda is instructed in the nature of magical power through the life stories of a half dozen patients of a healer in Venezuela. You need to work at it to see what she is doing, but by the end of the book it has painted an incredable picture. Again, although the entire adventure was instigated by the teacher in Don Juan's group, there is hardly any mention of her and none of Castaneda. Carlos does provide an introduction to the work. Cynics would say at this point that she was trying to boost her book sales by this introduction. That would argue against the idea that she was working with Carlos in his hoax. To be convincing one would want as disinterested a witness as could be found. What we have here is as disinterested a witness as could be found ... only to be 'spoiled' by C.C.'s Introduction.
Being-In-Dreaming, Florinda Donner-Grau, Harper, New York, 1991
Florinda recounts her introduction to the Sorcerers' world. Here we too are introduced to Florinda's teacher and we find out that it is the same group with which Carlos has been involved. She describes her meeting with Carlos and some early encounters.
The Sorcerer's Crossing, Taisha Abelar, Viking Penguin, U.S.A., 1992
That anyone who actually read all of Castaneda's work and also the works of these other two authors who could still believe that this is a work of fiction (a hoax) gives too much credit to the mind of ordinary humans. A lie of this complexity and perfection would be a work of sorcerery in itself.
§
Catch 22 see review: The Buddha and Catch 22
Sigmund Freud, Interpretation of Dreams Translated by A. A. Brill, 1911
Freud's Interpretation of Dreams is available on line at: http://www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.htm
Franz Kafka, The Trial Translated by Willa Muir and Edwin Muir, Penguin, 1983
Knut Hamsen, Mysteries: Translated by Sverre Lyngstad New York: Penguin, 2001 ISBN 0-14-118618-6
Hunger: Translated by Robert Bly, New York: Noonday, 1998 ISBN 0-374-52528-5
Pāḷi Text Society Publications
This is, essentially an edited version of their publication list; they are that important to western Buddhism. See also above under Essential Reading.
The Birth Stories of the Ten Bodhisattas, tr. Ven. H. Saddhatissa, 1975
Translation of Dasabodhisattuppattikathaa (published together with the text).
The Book of Analysis, tr. Ven. U Thittila, 1969, 1988
Translation of Vibha.nga.
Buddhist Legends, tr. E.W. Burlingame, 1921, reprinted as 3 volumes 1990, 1995
Translation of Dhammapada Commentary.
Buddhist Psychological Ethics, tr. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 1900, 3rd edn. reprint 1993
Translation of Dhammasa.nga.nii.
The Clarifier of the Sweet Meaning, tr. I.B. Horner, 1978
Translation of Buddhava.msa Commentary.
The Commentary on the Verses of the Theriis, tr. William Pruitt, 1998
Translation of Theriigaathaa Commentary.
Compendium of Philosophy, tr. S.Z. Aung and Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 1910, 1979, 1995
Translation of Abhidhammattha-sa.ngaha.
Conditional Relations, tr. Ven. U Narada, 2 volumes: Vol. I (1969, 1992), Vol. II (1981, 1993)
Translation of part of the Tika-pa.t.thaana.
Cuulava.msa Translation,
tr. Mrs C. Mabel Rickmers, 2 volumes, 1929, 1930, reprinted as
one volume 1973
ISBN 013 4 22.25
Translation of Cuulava.msa from the German translation by Wilhelm Geiger.
The Debates Commentary, tr. B.C. Law, 1940, 1989
Translation of Kathaavatthu Commentary.
A Designation of Human Types, tr. B.C. Law, 1922, 1992
Translation of Puggalapa~n~natti.
Discourse on Elements, tr. Ven. U Narada, 1962, 1977, 1995
Translation of Dhaatukathaa.
Dispeller of Delusion, tr. Bhikkhu ~naa.namoli, revised by L.S. Cousins, Nyanaponika Mahaathera and C.M.M. Shaw, 2 volumes, 1987, 1991
Translation of Vibha.nga Commentary.
Epochs of the Conqueror,tr. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1962, 1978
Translation of Jinakaalamaalii.
The Expositor, tr. Pe Maung Tin, 2 volumes, 1920, 1921, reprinted as one volume 1976
Translation of Atthasaalinii.
The Great Chronicle of Ceylon, tr. Wilhelm Geiger assisted by Mabel H. Bode, 1912,
reprinted with Addendum by G.C. Mendis, 1980
Translation of Mahaava.msa.
The Group of Discourses, Vol. II, tr. K.R. Norman (with notes), 1992, 1995
Translation of Suttanipaata.
The Guide, tr. Ven. ~Naa.namoli, 1962, 1977
Translation of Nettipakara.na.
In Praise of Mount Samanta, tr. A. Hazelwood, 1986
Translation of Samantakuu.tava.n.nanaa.
The Itivuttaka, tr. Peter Masefield, 2000
Translation of Itivuttaka.
Jinaala.nkaara, tr. James Gray, 1894,1981
Translation published together with the text.
Ku.naala-Jaataka, tr. W.B. Boll¡e, 1970
Translation published together with the text.
Mahaavastu, tr. J.J. Jones, 3 volumes: Vol. I (1949, 1987), Vol. II (1952, 1976), Vol. III (1956, 1983)
Translation from the Sanskrit.
Manual of a Mystic, tr. F.L. Woodward, Appendix by D.B. Jayatilaka, 1916, 1982
Translation of Yogaavacara's Manual.
The Path of Discrimination, tr. Ven. ~Naa.namoli, Introduction by A.K. Warder, 1982,
1991, new edn. 1997
Translation of Pa.tisambhidaamagga.
Peta Stories, tr. U Ba Kyaw and P. Masefield, 1980
Translation of Petavatthu Commentary. The 1894 edition of this text by E. Hardy is no longer available from the PTS.
Pi.taka Disclosure, tr. Ven. ~Naanamoli, 1964, 1979
Translation of Pe.takopadesa.
Points of Controversy, tr. S.Z. Aung and Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 1915, 1993,
Translation of Kathaavatthu.
The Suutra of Golden Light, tr. R.E. Emmerick, 1970, revised edn. 1990, 1992, new edn.,
Translation of Suvar.nabhaasottamasuutra from Sanskrit.
Thuupava.msa, tr. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1971
Translation published together with the text.
The Udaana, tr. P. Masefield, 1994
Translation of Udaana. An earlier translation is also found in Minor Anthologies, Vol. II.
Udaana Commentary, tr. P. Masefield, 2 volumes, 1994, 1995
Translation of Udaana Commentary.
The Teaching of Vimalakiirti, tr. S. Boin, 1976, 1994
Translation of Vimalakiirtinirde'sa from the annotated French translation by E. Lamotte of Chinese and Tibetan sources.
Vimaana Stories, tr. P. Masefield, 1989
Translation of Vimaanavatthu Commentary. The 1886 edition of this text by E.R. Gooneratne is no longer available from the PTS.
Vinaya-pi.taka Commentary, Samantapaasaadikaa Baahiranidaana, tr. N.A. Jayawickrama,1962, 1986
Translation published together with the text.
Word of the Doctrine, tr. K.R. Norman, 1997
Translation of Dhammapada.
Paali Tipi.taka Concordance, 3 volumes: Vol. I (A-O), 1955; Vol. II (K-N), 1973, 1995;
Vol. III (P Baaraa.naseyyaka), 1993
Listed by F.L. Woodward and others. Arranged and edited by E.m. Hare, K.R. Norman, A.K. Warder, Mrs N. Warder, Ven. H. Saddhatissa, Ivo Fiser. All parts of each volume are available separately on request. No more parts will be issued.
Concordance of Buddhist Birth Stories, L. Grey, 1990, 3rd edn. 2000
Paali A.t.thakathaa Correspondence Table, Sodo Mori et al., 1994
Abhidhammatthasa.ngaha and Abhidhammatthavibhaavinii-.tiikaa,
ed. H. Saddhatissa, 1989
A manual covering the whole field of Abhidhamma in a condensed way, published together with one of the commentaries on it. (10th and 11th century C.E.) An earlier edition by T.W. Rhys Davids is published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1884.
Translation: Compendium of Philosophy.
Anaagatava.msa, ed J. Minayeff
Short verse text (12th-13th century C.E.) describing events which will take place when the future Buddha Metteyya is born. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1886.
A.nguttara-nikaaya, 6 volumes: Vol. I (1885, 2nd edn. 1961, 1989) ed. R. Morris; Vol. II (1888, 1976, 1995) ed. R. Morris; Vol. III (1897, 1976, 1994), Vol. IV (1899, 1979) ed. E. Hardy; Vol. V (1900, 1979) ed. E. Hardy; Vol. VI, Indexes by M. Hunt and Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 1910, 1981
The fourth collection of the Sutta-pi.taka containing short discourses arranged to a numerical system. Most of the discourses follow a stereotyped formulaic presentation and many can be found elsewhere in the canon.
Translation: The Book of the Gradual Sayings.
A.nguttara-nikaaya Commentary (Manorathapuura.nii), 5 volumes: Vol. I (1924, 2nd dn. 1973) ed. M. Walleser; Vol. II (1930, 1968) ed. M. Walleser and H. Kopp; Vol. III (1936, 1966) ed. H. Kopp; Vol. IV (1940, 1979) ed. H. Kopp; Vol. V (1957, 1977) ed. H. Kopp
Commentary on the A.nguttara-nikaaya by the influential Paali commentator Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
A.nguttara-nikaaya Subcommentary (.tiikaa), (Saaratthama~njuusaa), ed. P. Pecenko, 2 volumes, 1996, 1997 (1998), 1999
The first seven chapters of the subcommentary on the A.nguttara-nikaaya. (12th century C.E.)
Apadaana Commentary (Visuddhajanavilaasinii), ed. C.E. Godakumbura, 1954, 1988
Commentary on the first three sections of the Apadaana. (13th century C.E.?)
Bhesajjama~njuusaa, ed. J. Liyanaratne, 1997
Edition of part of the only extant Paali medical text book containing information on medicines and illnesses. (13th century C.E.)
Bra.h Maaleyyadevattheravatthu.med. E. Denis
Southeast Asian Paali narrative of the travels of the monk Maaleyyadeva. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, Vol. XVIII, 1993.
Buddhadatta's Manuals, ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta, 2 volumes, 1915, 1928,
reprinted as one volume 1980
Four verse texts composed by Buddhadatta presumably as aids for students. Abhidhammaavataara and Ruupaaruupavibhaaga are summaries of the Abhidhamma while Vinayavinicchaya and Uttaravinicchaya are summaries of the Vinaya-pi.taka. (c. 5th century C.E.)
Buddhava.msa and Cariyaapi.taka, ed. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1974, 1995, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Last two books of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka. In the Buddhava.msa Gotama Buddha relates, in verse, the lives of the 24 Buddhas who preceded him, and his former actions in relation to those Buddhas. The Cariyaapi.taka also relates stories in verse of Gotama Buddha in former lives, this particular collection being used to illustrate his mastery of the ten perfections.
Translations: Chronicle of Buddhas and Basket of Conduct in Minor Anthologies, Vol. II.
Buddhava.msa Commentary, ed. I.B. Horner, 1946, 1978
Commentary on the Buddhava.msa ascribed to Buddhadatta. (5th century C.E.?)
Translation: Clarifier of the Sweet Meaning.
Cariyaapi.taka Commentary (Paramatthadiipanii VII), ed. D.L. Barua, 1939, reprinted with Indexes by H. Kopp, 1979
Commentary on the Cariyaapi.taka by Dhammapaala. (6th century C.E.?)
Chakesadhaatuva.msa, ed. J. Minayeff
Modern chronicle of the six hair-relic shrines of the Buddha composed in Burma. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1885.
Cuulava.msa, ed. W. Geiger, 2 volumes, 1925, 1927, reprinted as one volume 1980
Continuation of the Chronicle of Ceylon (Mahaava.msa) dealing with the period from the 12th to the 19th centuries C.E.
Translation: Cuulava.msa.
Dasabodhisattuppattikathaa, ed. and tr. Ven. H. Saddhatissa, 1975
Sinhalese version of a collection of stories about the ten future Buddhas beginning with Metteyya. (Possibly 14th century C.E.)
Translation: The Birth Stories of the Ten Bodhisattas (published together with the text).
Daa.thaava.msa, ed. T.W. Rhys Davids
This verse text (13th century C.E.) is both a story of early Buddhism and a history of the Buddha's tooth relic. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1884. There is no PTS translation of this text available.
Dhammapada, ed. O. von Hinuuber and K.R. Norman, 1994, 1995
One of the most popular Buddhist texts, many of the verses of which have parallels in the texts of other Buddhist schools and in non-Buddhist sources. It is a collection of verses arranged according to their subject matter and is the first Paali text to have been edited in Europe. It is the second book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka and this edition uses all the latest research. The 1914 edition by Ven. Suriyagoda Sumangala is no longer available from the PTS.
Translations: an early translation (1931) by Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids in Minor Anthologies,
Vol. I; The Word of the Doctrine (1997), based on the above up-to-date edition.
Indexes to the Dhammapada, Yamazaki, Ousaka and Miyao, 1995
One of a number of computer-generated indexes produced for the PTS in recent years, containing word and reverse word, and pada and reverse pada indexes.
Dhammapada Commentary, 5 volumes: Vol. I (1906, 1909, 1993), Vol. II (1911, 1993), Vol. III (1912, 1993), Vol. IV (1914, 1970) ed. H.C. Norman; Vol. V indexes by L.S. Tailang, 1915, 1992
This anonymous commentary is basically a collection of stories, of which about sixty are shared with the Jaataka Commentary, chosen to introduce, contextualise and explain the verses of the Dhammapada. It was apparently composed in Sri Lanka and its date is unknown.
Translation: Buddhist Legends.
Dhammasa.nga.nii, ed. E. Müller, 1885, 1978
The first volume of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka is a compilation from various sources analysing and classifying the phenomena (dhammaa) that comprise all mental and material conditions.
Translation: Buddhist Psychological Ethics.
Dhammasa.nga.nii Commentary (Atthasaalinii), ed. E. Müller, 1897, revised reprint with indexes by L.S. Cousins, 1979
Commentary on the Dhammasa.nga.nii by Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Translation: The Expositor.
Dhammasa.nga.nii Index, Tabata, Nonome and Bando, 1987
Computer-generated index to the Dhammasa.nga.nii.
Dhaatukathaa with Commentary, ed. E.R. Gooneratne, 1892, reprinted with corrections 1987
The third volume of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka gives a detailed and systematic analysis of the elements of physical phenomena.
Translation: Discourse on Elements
Diigha-nikaaya, 3 volumes : Vol. I (1889, 1983, 1995), eds. T.W. Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter; Vol. II (1903, 1982, 1995) eds. T.W. Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter; Vol. III (1910, 1992) ed. J.E. Carpenter
The first collection of the Sutta-pi.taka containing the long discourses of the Buddha. A number of the suttas expound important doctrines, e.g. the Mahaanidaanasutta (15) and Mahaasatipa.t.thaanasutta (22). In several, the Buddha discusses the views and doctrines of the brahmanic religion and various contemporary religious schools and philosophies, e.g. the So.nada.n.dasutta (4) and the Saama~n~naphalasutta (2).
Translation: Dialogues of the Buddha.
Index to the Diigha-nikaaya, M. Yamazaki, Y. Ousaka, K.R. Norman and M. Cone, 1997
Computer-generated index to the Diigha-nikaaya.
Diigha-nikaaya Commentary (Suma.ngalavilaasinii), 3 volumes: Vol. I (1929, 2nd edn. 1968) ed. T.W.Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter; Vol. II (1931, 2nd edn. 1970), Vol. III (1932, 2nd edn. 1971) ed. W.Stede
Commentary on the Diigha-nikaaya by Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Diigha-nikaaya sub-commentary (Liinatthapakaasinii), ed. Lily de Silva, 1970
Sub-commentary (.tiikaa) on the Diigha-nikaaya.
Diipava.msa, ed. and trans. Hermann Oldenberg
The first extant attempt to put together history and legend in verse and to make a continuous chronicle about Sri Lanka. Translation: Published with the text.
Gandhava.msa, ed. J. Minayeff
Text composed in Burma in order to give a brief history of the canon and post-canonical works. The sources used by the author are not known. (17th century C.E.?) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1886.
Index to the Gandhava.msa, M. Bode
Manual index to the Gandhava.msa by Mabel Bode. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1894-96.
Hatthavanagallavihaarava.msa, ed. C.E. Godakumbura, 1956
Chronicle text dealing with the history of the temple at Attanagalla, Sri Lanka. (13th century C.E.)
Itivuttaka, ed. E. Windisch, 1889, 1975
Fourth book in the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, it consists of 112 short discourses written in a mixture of prose and verse.
Translation: As It Was Said, in Minor Anthologies, Vol. II.
Itivuttaka Commentary, ed. M.m. Bose, Vol. I (1934) and Vol. II (1936) reprinted as one volume 1977; Vol. III: Indexes by H. Kopp, 1980
Commentary on the Itivuttaka by Dhammapaala. (6th century C.E.?)
Translation: in preparation.
Jaataka with Commentary, 6 volumes, ed. V. Fausbooll 1877-1896, 1990-1; Vol. VII: Indexes by Dines Andersen, 1897, 1992
Tenth book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, it consists of verses embedded in stories of the former births of Gotama Buddha.
Translations: The Jaataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births; The Story of Gotama Buddha (Jaataka-nidaana).
Jinacarita, ed. W.H.D. Rouse
Poem on the life of the Buddha concentrating on his final existence. Written in Sri Lanka. (13th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1905.
Jinakaalamaalii, ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta, 1962
Thai chronicle of Buddhism, concentrating particularly on the history of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai areas between the 13th and 16th centuries. It includes stories of a number of famous Thai Buddha images. (16th century C.E.)
Jinakaalamaalii, Index, Hans Penth, 1994
ISBN 324 9 Ā14.00
An annotated descriptive index to the Jinakaalamaali.
Jinaala.nkaara, ed. and tr. James Gray, 1894, 1981
Ornate poem, in a variety of metres, telling the story of the Buddha from his former birth as Sumedha up to his parinibbaana. (12th century C.E.)
Translation: published with text.
Ka.nkhaavitara.nii, ed. D.A.L. Maskell, 1956, 1981
ISBN 115 7
Commentary on the Paatimokkha section of the Vinaya-pi.taka by Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Kathaavatthu, ed. A.C. Taylor, Vol. I (1894) and Vol. II (1897) reprinted 1979 as one volume; Index volume, Satoshi Nonome et al., 1982
The fifth book of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka is the only canonical text attributed to an author and given a composition date by the tradition. It consists of a discussion of heretical statements that are refuted in favour of orthodox Theravaadin beliefs.
Translation: Points of Controversy.
Kathaavatthu Commentary, (Pa~ncappakara.natthakathaa), ed. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1979, Pāḷi Text Society, Oxford, England
Short but informative commentary by Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.) An earlier edition by J. Minayeff is published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1889.
Translation: The Debates Commentary.
Khuddakapaa.tha with Commentary (Paramatthajotikaa I), ed. Helmer Smith, 1915, 1978
The first book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, but probably the latest to be included in the collection. It consists of nine short texts, only one of which is not found elsewhere in the canon. It was possibly compiled as a handbook for novices. The commentary is traditionally attributed to Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Translation: The Minor Readings and the Illustrator of Ultimate Meaning.
Khuddasikkhaa and Muulasikkhaa, ed. E. Müller
Two verse texts which together form a compendium summarising the disciplinary rules contained in the Vinaya-pi.taka. (Date unknown: not later than the 12th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1883.
Ku.naalajaataka, ed. and tr. W.B. Bollée, 1970
This Jaataka is unique in the Paali collection in containing an archaic type of prose regarded as canonical. It consists of a collection of stories and verses dealing with the wickedness of women. Translation: published with text.
Lokaneyyappakara.na.m, ed. P.S. Jaini, 1986
ISBN 150 5 Ā18.75
Text containing 41 didactic stories with verses based on the Jaatakas but also drawing material from apochryphal suttantas. (Possibly 14th century C.E.)
Mahaabodhiva.msa, ed. S.A. Strong, 1891
The story of Buddha Gotama, the three councils, and the spread of Buddhism to Sri Lanka. Ascribed to Upatissa. (Possibly 10th century C.E.)
Mahaasuutras, ed. P. Skilling
Ten Tibetan sutras with parallels in the Paali canon of texts used in protection (paritta) ceremonies. Vol. I contains text and Vol. II a study of the genre.
Mahaava.msa, ed. W. Geiger, 1908, 1958
Chronicle based on earlier Sinhalese material, blending history and legend and relating the history of Sri Lanka from a Buddhist viewpoint.
Translation: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon.
Mahaava.msa, Extended, ed. G.P. Malalasekera, 1937, 1988
Also sometimes known as the Cambodian Mahaava.msa, this version appears to be Southeast Asian in origin and has been enlarged by a number of additions
Mahaava.msa-.tiikaa, (Va.msatthappakaasinii), ed. G.P. Malalasekera, 2 volumes, 1935, 1977
Commentary on the Mahaava.msa by an unnamed author. (Possibly 8th or 9th century C.E.)
Majjhima-nikaaya, 4 volumes: Vol. I (1888, 1993), ed. V. Trenckner; Vol. II (1896-98, 1993), Vol. III (1899-1902, 1977, 1994) ed. R. Chalmers; Vol. IV (1925, 1991) Indexes by Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids
The second collection of the Sutta-pi.taka containing 152 suttas including some of the best known sermons in the Paali canon, e.g. Alagadduupamasutta, A.ngulimaalasutta and Mahaasiihanaadasutta.
Translation: Middle Length Sayings.
Majjhima-nikaaya Commentary (Papa~ncasuudanii), 5 volumes: Vol. I (1922, 1983); Vol. II (1928, 1979) ed. J.H. Woods and D. Kosambī; Vol. III (1933, 1976); Vol. IV (1937) and Vol. V (1938), reprinted as one volume 1977, ed. I.B. Horner
Commentary on the Majjhima-nikaaya by Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Milindapa~nha, ed. V. Trenckner, 1880 with Milinda-.tiikaa, ed. P.S. Jaini, 1961, reprinted as one volume 1986
Popular prose text in the form of a dialogue between the Indo-Greek king Milinda (Menander) and a Buddhist monk called Naagasena. (2nd century B.C.E.)
Translation: Milinda's Questions.
Mohavicchedanii, ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta and A.K. Warder, 1961
Commentary on the Maatikaas, or summary of contents, of the seven Abhidhamma texts, itself generally regarded as an Abhidhamma work. Written by the elder monk Kassapa. (12th-13th century C.E.)
Muulasikkhaa, ed. E. Müller
Summary of the Vinaya, companion text to Khuddasikkhaa. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1883.
Naamacaaradiipikaa, ed. H. Saddhatissa
An Abhidhamma manual, one of the texts known as Little-Finger Manuals. (12th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, Vol. XV, 1990.
Naamaruupapariccheda, ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta
Manual composed in verse, dealing with a selection of subjects from the Abhidhamma. Attributed to the author of the Abhidhammattha-sa.ngaha. (11th-12th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1913-14.
Naamaruupasamaaso (Khemappakara.na), ed. Ven. P. Dhammarama
Short prose treatise on the mind and mental processes (cetasikas) with a final section of 28 mnemonic verses. (Possibly 10th-11th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1915-16.
Translation: "The Summary of Mind and Matter", Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, Vol. XI, 1987.
Nettipakara.na, ed. E. Hardy, 1902, 1961, 1995
Treatise setting out methods for interpreting and explaining canonical texts, similar in content to the Pe.takopadesa and used by Buddhaghosa and other commentators. (Possibly 1st century B.C.E.)
Translation: The Guide.
Nibbaanasutta, ed. C. Hallisey
Apocryphal sutta originating in Southeast Asia in which nibbaana is compared to a city. Date unknown. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, Vol. XVIII, 1993.
Mahaaniddesa, ed. L. de La Vallée Poussin and E.J. Thomas, 2 volumes, 1916, 1917, reprinted as one volume 1978
Cullaniddesa, ed. W. Stede, 1918, 1988
The eleventh book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka is divided into two parts, each containing a commentary considered to be canonical. Both the Mahaaniddesa and Cullaniddesa comment on texts from the Suttanipaata. (3rd century B.C.E.)
Index to the Mahaaniddesa, L.S. Cousins, 1995
(also available in Niddesa set above) Computer-generated index to the first part of the Niddesa.
Niddesa Commentary (Saddhammapajjotikaa), ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta, Vol. I (1939) and Vol. II (1939) reprinted as one volume 1980, Vol. III, 1940, 1989
Commentary attributed to a Sinhalese monk named Upasena which also includes comments on verses of the Suttanipaata. (Probably 6th century C.E.)
Pajjamadhu, ed. E.R. Gooneratne
Ornate verse text praising the Buddha. (Probably 13th-14th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1887.
Paali Niiti Texts of Burma, ed. H. Bechert and H. Braun, 1981
Edition containing four collections of aphorisms based on the Indian Subhaa.sita traditions. (Date uncertain.)
Pa~ncagatidiipanii, ed. L. Feer
Verse text describing the five possible states into which beings may be born and the actions which may lead to rebirth in one of these categories. (Date and author unknown.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1884.
Pa~n~naasajaataka (Zimmè Jaataka), ed. P.S. Jaini, 2 volumes: Vol. I (stories 1-25) 1981;
Vol. II (stories 26-50) 1983
This is an edition of the Burmese recension of a collection of 50 Jaataka stories current in Southeast Asia. Although some of the stories are based upon those in the Paali Jaataka, they are not regarded as canonical. (Date and author unknown.)
Translation: Apocryphal Birth Stories.
Paramatthavinicchaya, ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta
An Abhidhamma manual, one of the texts known in Burma as Little-Finger Manuals. Written in South India. (11th-12th century C.E.)
Pa.tisambhidaamagga, ed. A.C. Taylor, 2 volumes, 1905, 1907, reprinted as one volume 1979
Twelfth book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka attributed by the commentary to Gotama Buddha's disciple Saariputta. This text is later than much of the canon and attempts to explain in a systematic way how understanding of the Buddha's basic teaching can lead to enlightenment.
Translation: The Path of Discrimination.
Pa.tisambhidaamagga Commentary (Saddhammappakaasinii), ed. C.V. Joshi, 3 volumes, 1933-1947, 1979
Commentary on the Pa.tisambhidaamagga, attributed to Mahaanaama, which quotes extensively from the Visuddhimagga. (6th century C.E.)
Pa.t.thaana, ed. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids
Dukapa.t.thaana, 1906, 1988
Tikapa.t.thaana and Commentary, 3 volumes, 1921, 1922, 1923; reprinted as one volume 1988
The final book of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka, divided into two parts: the Tikapa.t.thaana with "groups of three", and the Dukapa.t.thaana dealing with "groups of twos". It is a highly technical text, consisting of a minutely detailed analysis of the doctrine of conditionality.
Translation: Conditional Relations, Vols. I and II (translation of part of the Tikapa.t.thaana only).
Pe.takopadesa, ed. A. Barua, 1949, 1982
Treatise setting out a method for explaining and expanding the teaching of the Buddha. (Possibly 2nd century B.C.E.)
Translation: Pi.taka Disclosure.
Petavatthu, ed. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1977 (Published with Vimaanavatthu)
Seventh book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka. This is a collection of stories about beings who are suffering because of evil deeds performed in a former life.
Translation: Stories of the Departed, in Minor Anthologies, Vol. IV.
Puggalapa~n~natti, ed. R. Morris, 1883, 2nd edn. 1972 as one volume with
Puggalapa~n~natti Commentary(Pa~ncappakara.na.t.thakathaa), ed. G. Landsberg and Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 1914
The fourth volume of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka, although it appears to be the earliest of the Abhidhamma texts and contains many statements about the "person" (puggala) found elsewhere in the Sutta-pi.taka.
Translation: A Designation of Human Types. (There is no translation of the commentary.)
Saccasa.nkhepa, ed. Ven. P. Dhammarama
Short verse manual dealing with topics from the Abhidhamma. (5th-6th century C.E.?) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1917-19.
Saddhammasa.ngaha, ed. Ven. N. Saddhananda
Chronicle of Buddhism which includes a comprehensive account of Paali books and authors. (14th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1890.
Saddhammopaayana, ed. R. Morris
Verse texts dealing with the fundamental doctrines of Buddhism. (Probably 13th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1887.
Samantakuu.tava.n.nanaa, ed. C.E. Godakumbura, 1958, 1995
Poem describing the life of Gotama Buddha and including the story of his three visits to Sri Lanka and imprinting of his footprint on Samantaku.ta. (14th century C.E.)
Translation: In Praise of Mount Samanta.
Sa.myutta-nikaaya, 6 volumes: Vol. I (1999), ed. G.A. Somaratne; Vol. II (1888, 1989, 1994); Vol. III (1890, 1975); Vol. IV (1894, 1990); Vol. V (1898, 1976), ed. L. Feer;
Vol. VI (1904, 1980), Indexes by Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids
[Copies of the 1884 L. Feer edition of Sa.myutta-nikaaya Vol. I are available for Ā17.75, but must be specifically requested quoting ISBN 165 3]
Collection of suttas grouped together according to their contents and containing some of the most important Buddhist teachings such as the section of the Suttas dealing with different aspects of the four Noble Truths.
Translation: The Book of the Kindred Sayings.
Sa.myutta-nikaaya Commentary (Saaratthappakaasinii), 3 volumes, Vol. I (1929, 1977), ed. F.L. Woodward; Vol. II (1932, 1977); Vol. III (1937, 1977)
Commentary on the Sa.myutta-nikaaya by Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Sandesakathaa, ed. J. Minayeff
Late historical text dealing in part with the relationship between Sri Lanka and Burma in medieval times. (19th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1885.
Saarasa.ngaha, ed. G. Sasaki, 1992
An anthology containing chapters on various topics of Buddhist teachings illustrated by stories, most of which can be traced to the canon or commentaries. (14th century C.E.)
Saasanava.msa, ed. M. Bode, 1897, 1996
Late 19th-century Paali version of a work originally written in Burmese dealing with the history of Buddhism in places such as Sri Lanka and parts of Burma. The translation (The History of the Buddha's Religion) is no longer available from the PTS.
Siimaavivaadavinicchayakathaa, ed. J. Minayeff
19th-century text concerning the boundaries between specific Buddhist communities. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1887.
Subodhaala"nkaara (Poraa.na-.tiikaa, Abhinava-.tiikaa, ed. P.S. Jaini, 2000
A 12th-century text on rhetoric by Sa"ngharakkhita with two sub-commentaries.
Suttanipaata, ed. Dines Andersen and Helmer Smith, 1913, 1990
Fifth text of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, consisting mainly of verses, apparently compiled from a number of sources. Two chapters of the Suttanipaata are mentioned by name in other Paali canonical texts, and the commentary upon them is also included in the canon. It is apparent that this text contains some of the oldest Paali poetry we possess.
Translations: Group of Discourses, Vol. II (which supercedes Vol. I; translation accompanied by extensive notes); The Rhinoceros Horn (paperback).
Suttanipaata Commentary, ed. Helmer Smith, 3 volumes: Vol. I (1916, 1989); Vol. II (1917, 1977, 1989); Vol. III, Indexes (1918, 1984)
Commentary on the Suttanipaata ascribed to Buddhaghosa.
Telaka.taahagaathaa, ed E.R. Gooneratne
Poem written in Sri Lanka in a developed poetic style, the verses of which deal with nine fundamental tenets of Buddhism. It is said to consist of verses uttered by a monk thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil as a form of punishment. Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1884.
Theragaathaa, ed. H. Oldenberg, and Theriigaathaa, ed R. Pischel, 1883, 2nd edn. 1966 with Appendixes by K.R. Norman and L. Alsdorf, 1990
The eighth and ninth texts of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, these are collections of poems ascribed to elder monks (theras) or nuns (theriis) respectively. Many of the verses are accounts of religious experiences, some of which also achieve a high poetic standard.
Translations: Elders' Verses, Vols. I and II; Psalms of the Early Buddhists; Poems of Early Buddhist Monks (paperback); Poems of Early Buddhist Nuns (paperback).
Theragaathaa Commentary (Paramatthadiipanii V), ed. F.L. Woodward, 3 volumes:
Vol. I (1940, 1971, 1995); Vol. II (1952, 1977); Vol. III (1959, 1984)
Commentary on the Theragaathaa by Dhammapaala. (6th century C.E.?)
Theriigaathaa Commentary (Paramatthadiipanii VI), ed. William Pruitt, 1997
Commentary on the Theriigaathaa by Dhammapaala. (6th century C.E.?) The 1893 edition of this text by E. Müller is no longer available from the PTS.
Translation: The Commentary on the Verses of the Theriis.
Thuupava.msa, ed. and tr. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1971
Chronicle dealing with the construction of the Mahaathuupa by the Sinhalese ruler Du.t.tha-gaama.nii in the first century B.C.E. (13th century C.E.)
Translation: published with text.
Tu.n.dilovaada, ed. C. Hallisey
An apocryphal sutta extolling the merits of giving. (Date unknown.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, Vol. XV, 1990.
Udaana, ed. P. Steinthal, 1885, 1982
Third text of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, it consists of a collection of 80 "solemn utterances" made by the Buddha on special occasions. Most are in verse accompanied by a prose account of the circumstances that led to their being given.
Translations:The Udaana; Verses of Uplift in Minor Anthologies Vol. II.
Udaana Commentary, ed. F.L. Woodward, 1926, 1977
Commentary on the Udaana by Dhammapaala. (6th century C.E.?)
Translation: Udaana Commentary.
Upaasakajanaala.nkaara, ed. Ven. H. Saddhatissa, 1965
Text dealing with the proper conduct of a layman, based on the canon and its commentaries. (12th century C.E.?)
Vibha.nga, ed. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 1904, 1978
Second book of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka, in which certain topics central to the Buddha's teachings are the subject of technical analysis.
Translation: The Book of Analysis.
Vibha.nga Commentary (Sammoha-vinodanii), ed. Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta, 1923, 1980
Commentary on the Vibha.nga attributed to Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.)
Translation: Dispeller of Delusion, Vols. I and II.
Vimaanavatthu, ed. N.A. Jayawickrama, 1977 (Published together with Petavatthu),
Sixth book of the Khuddaka-nikaaya of the Sutta-pi.taka, this text consists of 83 stories describing the former meritorious actions that have led to individuals being reborn as gods enjoying life in celestial mansions (vimaanas).
Translation: Stories of the Mansions, in Minor Anthologies IV.
Vinaya-pi.taka, ed. H. Oldenberg, 5 volumes: Vol. I, Mahaavagga (1879, 1969); Vol. II, Cuulavagga (1880, 1977, 1995); Vol. III, Suttavibha.nga part I and Samantapaasaadikaa, Baahiranidaana (1881, 1993); Vol. IV, Suttavibha.nga part II (1882, 1993); Vol. V, Parivaara (1883, 1982)
The collection of monastic law, the purpose of which is to regulate life within the community of monks and nuns as well as their relationship with the laity. The collection deals with the rules relating to individual conduct and with the legal procedures and formulae used by the community as a whole. It is divided into three sections, the first of which contains the set of rules for monks and nuns (the Paatimokkha), which is an independent text according to other Buddhist schools. The Vinaya-pi.taka also contains a large number of stories and biographical material relating to the Buddha. (The Paatimokkha is contained in Vols. III and IV of the text and in Vols. I, II, and III of the translation.)
Translation: The Book of the Discipline.
Index to the Vinaya-pi.taka, Ousaka, Yamazaki and Norman, 1996
Computer-generated index of the Vinaya-pi.taka.
Vinaya-pi.taka Commentary (Samantapaasaadikaa), 8 volumes: Vol. I (1924, 1975), Vol. II (1927, 1969), Vol. III (1930, 1968), Vol. IV (1934, 1979), Vol. V (1938, 1966), Vol. VI (1947, 1982), Vol. VII (1947, 1981), ed. J. Takakusu and M. Nagai; Vol. VIII, Indexes by H. Kopp, 1977
Commentary on the Vinaya-pi.taka by Buddhaghosa to which is prefixed an introduction, the Baahiranidaana (see below).
Vinaya-pi.taka Commentary, Samantapaasaadikaa Baahiranidaana, ed. and tr. N.A.
Jayawickrama, 1962, 1986
Introduction to the Vinaya-pi.taka Commentary relating the history of Buddhism up to the establishment of the Vinaya-pi.taka in Sri Lanka.
Translation: The Inception of Discipline (published together with the text).
Visuddhimagga, ed. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 2 volumes, 1920, 1921, reprinted as one vol 1975
One of the most influential Paali texts, this compendium of Buddhist doctrine and metaphysics is the most important book written by Buddhaghosa. It provides a systematic exposition of Buddhist teaching and is also a detailed manual for meditation. (5th century C.E.)
Translation: The Path of Purity.
Yamaka, ed. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids, 2 volumes: Vol. I (1911, 1987, 1995); Vol. II (1913, 1987, 1995),
The sixth book of the Abhidhamma-pi.taka dealing with applied logic.
Translation: in preparation.
Yamaka Commentary, ed. Mrs C.A.F. Rhys Davids
Commentary on the Yamaka attributed to Buddhaghosa. (5th century C.E.) Published in The Journal of the Pāḷi Text Society, 1912.
Yogaavacara's Manual, ed. T.W. Rhys Davids, 1896, 1981
Based on an untitled Sinhalese manuscript, this text provides a detailed method for the practice of meditation. (Date unknown.)
Wisdom Publications Translations
Maurice Walshe: The Long Discourses of the Buddha
Bhikkhu Nanamoli and Bhikkhu Bodhi: The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha
(This fellow has some unique and interesting takes on the Pāḷi, and is a worthwhile read.)
Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, 2 vols
Other Works:
Rare
Dictionary of the Pāḷi Language Edited by Robert Caesar Childers.London 1875.
A Critical Pāḷi Dictionary Begun by V. Trenckner, revised, continued, and edited by Dines Andersen and Helmer Smith. Very rare. 2 volumes.
Bibliography of Articles
Bibliography: Language in Early Buddhism and Other Articles of Interest in Buddhist Studies